Software development is a systematic process that transforms user needs into software products. It involves a series of stages, from initial analysis through design, coding, testing, and deployment.

Students should be able to describe key terminology including Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), debugging, testing, and design patterns.

It is crucial for creating reliable, maintainable, and scalable software solutions.

Software allows us to communicate with friends through social media, manage money with banking apps, and makes learning fun with educational games.

The SDLC is a framework that defines the processes used by organizations to build an application from its initial conception to its deployment and maintenance. Its primary purpose is to deliver high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, is completed within time and cost estimates, and works efficiently.

A framework is a standardized and reusable set of concepts, practices, and tools that provides a structured foundation for developing software. Its benefits include promoting efficiency, consistency, and code reusability, which improves the overall quality and maintainability of software.

Using a framework like Django is compared to using a pre-designed blueprint to build a house instead of designing everything from scratch. Django comes with ready-made features like user login, database management, and page templates.

The goal is to understand and collect what the software needs to achieve. This involves talking to stakeholders to find out their needs and expectations.

It is compared to planning a big event, like a wedding. Just as you need to know the preferences of the bride and groom, developers need to know what users want from the software.

In the design phase, the team plans how the software will look and work. Key activities include:

• Creating Diagrams to show how parts connect.
• Developing Models (mockups) of the user interface.
• Planning the software Architecture.
• Specifying detailed requirements for each component.

This is the phase where programmers write the actual code. It’s compared to following a recipe, where the design specifications are the recipe and coding is the process of mixing and baking.

Testing is the process of checking the software for bugs and issues. It includes:

• Functionality Testing: Ensuring features work as specified.
• Performance Testing: Checking performance under different conditions.
• Compatibility Testing: Making sure it works on various devices and OS.

Deployment is making the software available for users. It often involves:

• Installation: Installing the software on the user’s system or server.
• Configuration: Adjusting the software to fit specific user needs.
• Testing in the Real World: Ensuring it works correctly in its intended environment.

The final phase involves ongoing updates and fixes. It is compared to “taking care of a plant” that needs regular watering to stay healthy.

They provide:

• Predictability: To manage risks and predict outcomes.
• Efficiency: To streamline the process and reduce waste.
• Quality: To ensure quality assurance is integrated throughout.

The Waterfall Model is a linear, sequential approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The main phases are Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, and Deployment.

Agile is a flexible, adaptive approach focusing on delivering software in short cycles (sprints). Unlike the rigid Waterfall model, Agile is designed to adapt to changes and gather feedback continuously.

Scrum is a popular Agile framework. Its key components are:

• Roles: Product Owner, Scrum Master, Development Team.
• Events: Sprints, Sprint Planning, Daily Standups, Sprint Reviews, Retrospectives.
• Artifacts: Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Increment.

DevOps combines Software Development (Dev) and IT Operations (Ops). Its goal is to shorten the development lifecycle, improve quality, and provide continuous delivery.

The term was introduced by Dr. Winston W. Royce in 1970, but he did not advocate for its use without iteration, contrary to how it’s often practiced.

1. Initiation, 2. Planning, 3. Execution, 4. Performance Monitoring, 5. Project Closure.

As of 2023, it exceeded $2 trillion, highlighting the immense economic importance of software development.

The total estimated cost is **PKR 19,644,000**. This includes costs for the project team, operational expenses, and a contingency fund.

They can post their idea on freelancing platforms for developers to bid on, or seek out investors to fund the idea.

Quality Assurance ensures a project meets set standards and works correctly. It involves methods like testing, code reviews, and getting stakeholder feedback.

UML is a standardized graphical language to visualize a software system’s design. It was created by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson (the “Three Amigos” of UML).

A Use Case Diagram visually represents how users (actors) interact with a system. Its purpose is to capture functional requirements, understand user interactions, and aid planning.

A Room is the main structure. A Box is a class. The items inside (toys) are attributes. The actions (open, close) are methods. A ‘ToyBox’ is an object (an instance of the Box class).

Design patterns are proven, reusable solutions to common software problems. They were popularized by the “Gang of Four” (Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides).

Debugging is finding and fixing bugs (errors). The term came from a 1947 incident where a real moth was found in a computer.

An IDE is a software suite providing all tools needed for development in one place. Examples include Eclipse, Visual Studio, and PyCharm.

They are platforms where developers store, manage, and track code changes, enabling version control and collaboration. Popular examples are GitHub and Bitbucket.